Aviation Safety Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aviation Safety Questions - Essay Example Of course the responsibility lies with the air carrier to safeguard their customers, their employees and provide them proper working environment in every possible way, but it is in their best interest as well so to say, as regards to business point of view, because statistics have shown that an aircraft accidents’ true cost in claims, lost employee time or use, and lost customers is 4 times the actual cost of the accident. For example, US Air estimates that the Pittsburgh accident’s actual cost was 30 to 40 Million dollars. This means that the accidents true cost is somewhere around 140 Million dollars. The FA act charges the FAA with the responsibility for promulgating and enforcing adequate standards and regulations (Alexander & Clarence, 2004). The main focal point of any Air Carrier Safety Program is the Safety Officer. Sometimes those that see the best are those that are not as close to the situation. To ensure safety, an outsider like safety officer is a very practical solution. FSDOs nationwide handle the dual function of safety inspection and advice for airline. Local FSDOs conducts several types of inspections on each airline’s maintenance and operations functions. If a certificate holder fails to comply, section 609 of the FA act specifies that the FAA may reexamine any certificate holder or appliance. Inspectors periodically conduct maintenance base inspections which focus on the record kept by an airline like airworthiness directives compliance, and conduct shop inspections to observe maintenance procedures and carry out ramp inspections to observe the airworthiness of the aircraft. A similar operations base inspection focuses on records concerning the hours of training and check rides given pilots and the rest periods between duty shifts given crews as required by regulations. En route inspections involve inspections of

I Corinthians Essay Example for Free

I Corinthians Essay Epistles to the Corinthians, is the letters written by Saint Paul to the Christian church at Corinth, Greece. It forms the seventh book of the New Testament. In I Corinthians, probably written 54 A. D. , Paul rebukes the Corinthians for their quarreling and wicked behavior. He also discusses various points of Christian doctrine with emphasis on the resurrection of the dead and the power of love. In addition, he explains doctrinal issues, encourages unity among the believers, defends his right to be considered an apostle, warns against the teachings of false apostles, and asks the Corinthians to give money to support the struggling church in Jerusalem. II Corinthians Epistles to the Corinthians, is the letters written by Saint Paul to the Christian church at Corinth, Greece. It forms the eighth book of the New Testament. II Corinthians appears to have been written about a year later. In the first part, Paul defends himself against accusations of insincerity and denounces those who question his authority. He explains doctrinal issues, encourages unity among the believers, defends his right to be considered an apostle, warns against the teachings of false apostles, and asks the Corinthians to give money to support the struggling church in Jerusalem. In the second part, generally considered to be a later letter, Paul expresses joy at the reconciliation of the Corinthians with the church. Galatians A letter of Saint Paul forming a book of the New Testament. Paul wrote the letter to his churches in Galatia province, central Asia Minor. Most of the Galatian converts were gentiles, and Paul had accepted them as Christians without asking them to obey the Jewish Law. But Jewish Christians challenged Paul’s authority as an apostle and taught all converts must follow the Mosaic Law. In answer, Paul wrote here that he had been set apart by a revelation of Jesus Christ, and that the righteous are justified, or saved, by faith in Christ. In the letter Paul also gave interesting details about his life and ministry. This letter is addressed to unnamed churches in a region of Central Asia Minor called Galatia. Init Paul asserts that he is a true apostle of Christ, that he received his message directly from Jesus Christ, and that the church leaders in Jerusalem, including Peter agreed that Paul should take the Good News about Jesus to the Gentiles. Paul discusses the importance of faith and the wonderful freedom that people receive when they put their trust in Christ. Ephesians Ephesians is the 10th book of the New Testament. The book is a letter written by Saint Paul. The Bible presents it as being addressed to the Christian church in Ephesus, Asia Minor, but Biblical scholars believe it was a circular letter intended for a number of churches. Apparently Paul wrote the letter about 60 A. D while he was in prison in Rome. He declared that God’s purpose is to unite all things in Christ. The church is described as the mystical body of Christ. This short book summarizes many of the teachings found in the letters of Paul. A string emphasis is placed on the unity that Christians have because of the sacrifice Christ made for all and because of the new life God’s Spirit gives them. Philippians Epistle to the Philippians in the Bible is a letter of Saint Paul to the church in Philippi, Macedonia. Paul wrote from prison, probably in Rome, to the first church he founded in Europe. He thanked the Philippians for a gift, expressed his own joy during his persecution, told of his successful preaching while in captivity, and appealed to them to complete his joy by living in a way â€Å"worthy of the Gospel of Christ. † In this letter, he expresses his affection for the Christians at the church in Philippi, a city in Macedonia, and encourages them to remain faithful to Christ and to rejoice in God, no matter what circumstances arise. Colossians Epistle to the Colossians is the 12th book of the New Testament. It is a letter written by Saint Paul from prison in Rome about 60 A. D. In it Paul warns the people of Colossae, a city in Asia Minor, against heresy and paganism. Paul explained the nature of Christ and His teachings. He also explained the rules and ethics of a Christian household, asserting that wives should be subject to their husbands and slaves should obey their master (3: 18- 4:1). In this letter, written to a Gentile church in Asia Minor, challenges the Christians there to avoid the false teachings of a group of people who were encouraging them to give up certain physical desires and to worship angels and spiritual powers. Instead, they are to set their hearts on Christ who is enthroned in heaven.

My Amazing Grandfather (Grandpa) :: Personal Narrative Profile Essays

Personal Narrative- My Amazing Grandpa I don't have a lot of fantastic memories of childhood. There were no spectacular family adventures, no unique family projects that taught some sort of moral lesson, no out-of-the-ordinary holidays. We ate family meals together, but most of the time the children and adults lived in different worlds. The kids went to school, did homework, and played; the adults worked. I was lucky, though. When I wanted a little of both worlds, I could always turn to Grandpa. I remember vividly the weekends at his house. Sitting on his lap, going to wrestling matches, walking down the street or through a park--these were things I did with Grandpa. I wasn't just a kid to him: I was his granddaughter, and I was special. He was special too. Grandpa was a giant of a man. He stood six feet two inches and weighed over 250 pounds. He moved with purpose and carried himself with respect. Tom was a proud man, a good man, and all who knew him said so. Even if you didn't know him, you would notice his inner strength, his patience, his self-esteem. Grandpa wasn't a scholar. In fact, he didn't even make it through grade school. He was born at the turn of the century, and educating black men wasn't a necessity then. He went to work when he was sixteen, and for the next forty years he worked in a coal factory. Then he worked in a steel mill for another twenty years. He stopped working only because the steel mill closed and he was too old to find another job. When I was with Grandpa, I could be a child and yet see things through grown-up eyes. "You see that tree, Cookie," he would say. "That tree was here before those houses. God put that tree there; man put the houses. Which is more beautiful?" If I climbed a tree, he didn't say, "Get down." He said, "Climb it right so you won't fall." "You appreciate what you work for," he used to say. He taught that lesson well. He never let me win any game; he taught me to win by learning to lose.

Analysis of ”Good People” by David Foster Wallace Essay

Analysis of †Good People† by David Foster Wallace, 2007 The short story is set at a park by a lake. â€Å"They were up on a picnic table at that park by the lake, by the edge of the lake, with part of a downed tree in the shallows half hidden by the bank.† The downed tree sets the mood to be sad and dark. We also learn that the main characters Lane A. Dean, Jr. and his girlfriend Sheri Fisher are sitting very still on the picnic table, which tells us that the atmosphere is quite intense. It does not say for how long they sit by the lake, but it says that the right sides of their faces get shaded so it can be assumed that they sit there for a while. One of the main characters is Lane A. Dean, Jr., who is 19 years old and studies accounting and business. Lane is a very reflective person because he reflects a lot on how he is and how he thinks he should be. â€Å"He knew it was wrong, knew something was required of him that was not this terrible frozen care and cauti on, but he pretended to himself he did not know what it was that was required.† This shows that he is a conscientious person and that he has high expectations for himself. Through the whole short story thoughts like the mentioned quote are seen. It seems like Lane is not satisfied with the way he is and keeps comparing himself to his girlfriend, Sheri. â€Å"He was starting to believe that he might not be serious in his faith. He was desperate to be good people, to still be able to feel he was good.†The fact that he is moving away from his faith makes him question whether he is a good person or not. It makes him confused about his identity, about who he is. Lane is also confused when it comes to his love for his girlfriend and that could be the reason why they are not happy sitting together. Lane’s girlfriend, Sheri, is 20 years old, studies to become a nurse and has a hosting job. She is very serious in her faith and values and she is a girl who knows what she wants.So Sheri seems more secure than Lane and more comfortable in her own skin. In a way Sheri is more mature. But she also sits very still: â€Å"She was blank and hidden.† It is shown that Sheri is not happy because she sits with her face in her hands. So it can be concluded that they may have a problem with each other. It is a third person narrative. The narrator has an obvious focus on Lane and this we see because the narrator only includes Lane’s thoughts and feelings a lot: â€Å"Sometimes when alone and thinking or struggling to turn matter over to Jesus Christ in prayer, he would find himself (†¦)† â€Å"He could almost  visualize himself tiptoeing past something explosive.† Therefore the narrator has an inner view of Lane. We learn his opinions, and especially when Sheri is described – you learn that it is through Lane that she is described. The effect of the inner view is that we only learn how one of the main characters is feeling and is thinking. It also makes the information about Sheri subjective because it is Lane’s opinion about her and not her exact thoughts or feelings. We only have Lane’s opinion and actions and Sheri’s actions. Furthermore the short story is written in the past tense, and there are some flashbacks: â€Å"Two days before (†¦)†Some times when they had prayed (†¦)† The flashbacks can enlighten the reader about the main characters background, but also confuse the reader. The short story consists of both short sentences and long sentences. The sentences are short when something dramatic happens and the short sentences make it more dramatic and interesting to read and it also speeds up the reading pace. For example when Lane describes the battle within himself: â€Å"Two hearted, a hypocrite to yourself either way.† There is no direct speech, which makes it harder for the reader to interpret the characters because the writer influences the readers. The writer is presenting an interpretation of the characters’ speech and not their exact words. There is a focus on actions so there is a lot of verbs and also adjectives, especially in the beginning. There are some difficult words, but all in all the vocabulary is standard level. The main conflict is the conflict between Lane and Sheri. First of all both of them sit very still and we hear a lot of Lane’s thoughts – as if they are not talking to each other. â€Å"It was of two great and terrible armies within himself, opposed and facing each other, silent. There would be battle but no victor.† The battle inside of Lane could represent the battle between Sheri and him. You might say that they have a probl em when it comes to communicating with each other. The conflict is that Lane does not love Sheri. â€Å"(†¦) at the decision together did not ever include it – the word – for had he once said it, avowed that he did love her, loved Sheri Fisher, then it all would have been transformed.†18 â€Å"But neither did he ever open up and tell her straight out he did not love her.† Lane expresses that if he had loved her or said to her that he loved her, they would not have this conflict. The conflict is that Lane is not honest with Sheri about his true feelings and this leads to the unhappy and tense atmosphere. The reason why  Sheri does not say anything could be because she is waiting for Lane to come clean and be honest. At the ending of the story Lane imagines what he wants Sheri to say when he tells her the truth – that he does not love her. Lane wants Sheri to say that it is all right and that she wants the best for him. Lane has been praying for love and at the end he comes to realize that he h as been praying for the wrong thing. He should have been praying for courage – courage to tell Sheri the truth. The title â€Å"Good People† refers to the fact that Lane wants to be a good person by being honest with Sheri. It also refers to when Lane says that he is not that serious in his faith and that he wants to be good people, to feel that he was good. Lane does not want to lie to her or to himself. To be good is something every human being aspires to be. To be good, kind and loving to your family, friends and neighbours is something preached by the Christian church, but it is also how people generally want to be in spite of their religion. Lane finds out at the very end that he is not that serious in his faith, but that he is still able to be good by finding the courage to be honest with Sheri.

Earthquake resistance design

Columns can sustain two types of Damage, namely axial- flexural (or combined compression bending) Failure and shear failure. Shear damage is brittle and must be avoided in columns as by providing transverse ties at close spacing which carry the horizontal shear forces and hold concrete and vertical bars together. Horizontal Bands and its Role: Horizontal bands are the most important Earthquake-resistant feature in masonry buildings, since it holds a masonry building as a Single unit by tying all the walls together. There are four types of bands in a typical Masonry building, namely gable band, roof band, lintel band and plinth band. Lintel band is the most Important of all, since it ties the walls together and also breaks the monotonous continuity of wall.The gable band is employed only in Buildings with pitched or sloped roofs. In buildings with flat R. C or reinforced brick roofs, the Roof band is not required. In buildings with pitched r sloped roof, the Roof band is very importan t. Plinth bands are primarily used where uneven settlement of foundation in soil undergoes bending and pulling actions. It will be better to use ARC bands Shear Wall: Reinforced concrete buildings often have vertical plate-like ARC walls called Shear Walls. These walls generally start at foundation level and are contain souse throughout the building height. Their thickness varies from mm to mm. Shear walls are usually provided along both length and width of buildings.Shear Core Shear walls are like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry earthquake odds downwards to the foundation. Just like reinforced concrete (ARC) beams and columns, ARC 6 shear walls also perform much better if designed to be ductile.. Shear walls, if provide around the elevator core or stair well is known as shear core. Boundary Elements: Under the large overturning effects caused by horizontal earthquake forces, edges of shear walls experience high compressive and tensile stresses. To ensure that shear walls behave in a ductile way, concrete in the wall end regions must be reinforced in a special manner to sustain these load reversals without loosing strength.End regions of a wall with increased infotainment are called boundary elements which have high bending strength. Boundary Elements (Design, Location) Short and Long Columns: During past earthquakes, reinforced concrete (ARC) frame buildings that have columns of different heights within one storey, suffered more damage in the shorter columns as compared to taller columns in the same storey. Short Column Behavior: Poor behavior of short columns is due to the fact that in an earthquake, a tall column and a short column of same cross-section move horizontally by same amount. However, the short column is stiffer as compared to the tall column, ND it attracts larger earthquake force. Therefore it cause X-shaped cracks.Short Column (Failure, Location with Mezzanine floor) Stiffness of a column means resistance to deformation -? the larger is the stiffness, larger is the force required to deform it. This behavior is called Short Column Effect. Design Phenomenon: 7 If it is not possible to avoid short columns, this effect must be addressed in structural design. As per Indian Standard the reinforcement must extend beyond the short column into the columns vertically above. In case of stone or brick masonry the width has to be increased accordingly for short column. BEAM COLUMN JOINT: The points where the beams and columns intersect is a beam column joint. Since they too made of same material we can't expect to have more strength. So have to take care on these unavoidable joints.During earthquake the upper bars and lower bars act in a different direction causing elongation or damage of joint. Design Strategy: In design practice large column size, having large closed loops are placed inside. These should follow some design specification. Normally we will go for the anchoring of the bars at the ends. Micro concreting can b e gone in the congested junction. Beam Column Joint (Location, Failure without proper anchorage) Hidden Beams: These are also called as concealed beams which have their depth equal to that of the slab. These can be provided either on longer or on the shorter span. When provided along longer span it is found that the load carrying capacity increase to 135% with an economical increase of just 0. 4 -? 0. 5%.These beams are designed for negative bending moment which is caused due to load reversal expected during earthquake. 8 Hidden Beam Plastic Hinge: As moment increases, the linear stress distribution form persists and the extreme fiber stress reaches the yield stress value. Further increase in the bending moment cannot produce any increased fiber-stress but causes yield to spread into the inner fibers. As the bending moment Increases more and more fibers reach the yield stress until the final state, the whole of the section will yield. The complete yielding across the section of a be am is termed as plastic hinge. The section now carries the maximum bending moment without strain hardening taking place. The beam can carry no further load.Any further load will only result in increased deflection. The beam will behave as if t is hinged at the plastic section and a condition of collapse has been reached. Reduced Beam Section: This is a section of beam which is provided along the length of steel beams. These will have their area of cross section lesser than the proceeding section to an extent that it will just act as a plastic hinge. In case of steel section also a circular arc will be cut in the required flange portion of span. Reduced Beam Section Pre tensioning Technique: In case Of domes and shell Structures, the lateral thrust experienced will be more. This fault is answered well by pre tensioned concrete.In case of huge trustees like nuclear 9 rectors, large spanning domes we will be having a thin walled cylindrical tube of diameter about 10 to 15 CM and steel rods will be packed tightly. Pre tension elements (After & Before Concreting) Then stressing will be done as per design and then the micro concrete is injected in pressure into the tube. This setup is then done with normal concreting. It will resist the lateral thrust in an effective manner. Techniques to Adopt on Sky Scrappers: While speaking about large multistoried buildings we can't simply go in for normal strengthening of beams, columns, and other structural elements. There we had an alternative to speak about some elements such as Bearing, Bracing, Friction pendulum and Dampers which are primarily meant to take Vibration produced by lateral force.Rubber Bearings: Rubber bearings are made from layers Of rubber with thin steel plates between them, and a thick steel plate on the top and bottom. The bearings are placed between the bottom of a building and its foundation . The bearings are designed to be very stiff and strong for vertical load to carry the weight of the building an d designed to be much weaker for horizontal loads, so that they can move sideways due to lateral thrust. Rubber Bearing Viscous Dampers Viscous Dampers: Viscous fluid dampers are meant as shock absorbers. They consist of a closed cylinder containing a viscous fluid and a piston having small holes in its head. As the 10 piston move in and out of the cylinder oil is forced in and out causing friction.The damper is usually installed as part of a building's bracing system using single diagonals. As the building sways to and fro, the piston is forced In and out of the cylinder. Friction Dampers: Friction dampers are designed to have moving parts that will slide over each other. The damper is made up from a set Of steel plates, with slotted holes in hem, and they are bolted together. At high enough forces, the plates can slide over each other creating friction causing energy dissipation. The plates are specially treated to increase the friction between them. Friction Dampers Cross Bearing s (In foundation) Cross Bracing: These are very common in case of vertical load distribution.But we can also adopt this technique to foundation, in which the entire building will be laid in a cross horizontal bracing rather than placing it directly on foundation. It will distribute the load to joints and through foundation finally. Friction bearing (Location, Appearance) 11 Friction Pendulum: Considering about the large multistory buildings, we can always expect some appreciable movement in it base due to the vibration. Instead to resist against it completely we can allow the structure to deform at its foundation level by provision of friction pendulum without damaging the structural integrity.

Analysis of Ghosts in The Bonesetters Daughter Essays

Analysis of Ghosts in The Bonesetters Daughter Essays Analysis of Ghosts in The Bonesetters Daughter Paper Analysis of Ghosts in The Bonesetters Daughter Paper Ghosts are prevalent throughout many novels and are used to create certain affects on the reader. The writers purpose in incorporating these ghosts into their novels constitute to various reasons, some that may be quite obvious, while others remain underlying for the readers to interpret and discover on their own. In the novels The Bonesetters Daughter, Yo! , and The Antelope Wife, ghosts and supernatural occurrences are all used by the characters in order to retain their authenticity. Amy Tan uses ghosts in her novel The Bonesetters Daughter a medium or withholding the values of the characters culture of origin, such as prudence and sacrifice, and how these qualities make a person strong and able to withstand whatever obstacles life has for them. The Bonesetters Daughter is laid out into three different parts: Part One begins with a narration through Ruths eyes, Part Two is narrated by LuLing, and Part Three is finished once again by Ruth. Throughout part one, Ruth talks about how unhappy LuLing is, for example on page sixteen Tan writes, Her mother was permanently unhappy with everything and everybody. In the novel, LuLings life is portrayed as a ne of dyer struggle and surmised of many misfortunes. Yet, it seems that the main cause of this unhappiness stems from Precious Aunties ghost that LuLing claims to be haunted by throughout the novel. The pain (i. e. the ghost) that Luling must deal with is representative of the suppression of her secrets, feelings, and g rief that she holds within herself. LuLing has many secrets that she keeps to herself, and refrains from telling anyone (even her own daughter-Ruth). At first glance, a reader might question, Why does LuLing withhold so many secrets? Why doesnt LuLing tell Ruth hat has happened in her life? What is the point of withholding these secrets that seem to be leading LuLing to an unhappy life? In order to answer these questions there is a need for outside sources to bring in, in order to better understand the underlying reasons for withholding secrets and in turn discover the reasons for the presence of Precious Aunties ghost. First, in the context of the Chinese culture that LuLing was brought up in, Confucianism plays a significant role throughout the novel. Some of the ideals of Confucianism include respect of elders and tradition, obedience to authority and overnment, and most importantly the promotion of collective wellbeing over that of the individual (cite? ). The retention of these values from LuLings upbringing may have been a determining fact in her decision to keep the things that have happened in her life as secrets. For instance, throughout her life LuLing does not tell her daughter Ruth the truth about Precious Auntie and how in actuality Precious Auntie is Ruths grandmother. In part three of the novel, once Ruth finds out the truth that Precious Auntie was her grandmother, Ruth begins to question why her mother ould hold something like this from her own daughter, Tan writes, Why did she feel she could never tell Ruth that Precious Auntie was her mother? Did she fear that her own daughter would be ashamed that LuLing was illegitimate? From this, it may be secret, is that LuLing is aiming to protect Ruth from the reality that her mother is an illegitimate child. The pain of this reality is withheld within LuLing in order to protect others (Ruth) from sharing in the pain; it is in a sense a form of sacrifice. Further analysis into the novel reveals the clashing of generations that is made xplicit through conflicting ideals and philosophies. In an article titled, miou Dont Need Their Approval: The Decline of Social Rules author Jean M. Twenge argues that my generation (Generation Me) takes for granted their philosophy of do what makes you happy, and dont worry about what other people think. She believes that this has had an overall negative effect on society and has caused for the downfall of social rules and deterioration of manners and politeness. The clashes of generations in the novel reveal these opposing philosophies. (i. e. Confucianism vs. GenMes philosophy). This clashing of generations shows through in part one chapter four during the Full Moon Festival. In this scene, the youngest generation in the family implement the exact GenMe philosophy that Twenge writes about. When Ruth arrives at the restaurant she finds out that Fia and Dory have gone to the store and end up showing up to the dinner after LuLing has arrived. This shows how as the generations progress they begin to disregard manners and care for only themselves. Furthermore, an incident takes place where Nicky (of the youngest generation) is messing around and ends up knocking over a water glass causing LuLing to Jump up and chastise the boy. Again we see the values that LuLing cherishes begin to diminish through subsequent generations. In the novel the characters respond and interpret ghosts in different ways that expose the losing of values from their culture of origin. The interaction between the ghosts and characters, which also brings into play the theme of silence, can potentially provide a measurement of the strength of that person due to their ability to hold in their pain. In the novel there are several incidences where decisions are made by the characters based on GenMes philosophy of do what makes you happy here they either decide to stay silent or voice themselves with ignorant disregard for the affects of their communication/non-communication on the wellbeing of others. This is made extremely important in the novel because of the characters reliance on each other for their voice to be heard. In part two of the novel LuLing narrates the story of her life as well as the life of Precious Auntie and the bond that they shared together. Precious Auntie is unable to speak and can only communicate through LuLing since she is the only one that can understand her.

Free Essays on Primate Evolution

Human evolution, the biological and cultural development of the species Homo Sapiens, or human beings. A large number of fossil bones and teeth have been found at various places throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. It gives idea of human evolution during past 4 million to 5 million years. From a genome view point, the difference between modern man and the modern apes is only about 2 percent. From a physical viewpoint the greatest difference is in locomotion. The human walks upright, it is generally thought that this came about when the ancient hominid adopted the edge of the forest and plain and adapted to a life under the trees as opposed to in them. Fossil evidence shows that is bipedal adaptation was completed quite early, perhaps as early as four million years ago, long before we do today. Facial feature changes toward the modern appearance came much later. The facial characteristics, of modern man are about 100,000 years old. The faces of earlier hominid were much more apelike. Any mutation must be applied to a DNA coding that already exists. It can not be applied to coding that does not exist. is this a silly statement? No at all. It leads to the way that evolution changes an organism. Mutations a real ways applied to the existing DNA coding. Evolution makes something new out of something that already exists. If a bear becomes distressed in a given environment, it does not sprout wings and fly. Instead, such things as longer legs or claws will be tested. Also, evolution often does not fix the thing that causes a problem, it patches the problem by doing something unrelated. If an organism suffers a mutation that shortens its life so that it has difficulty rearing its children to childbearing age, that mutation will started being culled from the gene pool. Before that mutaion has been completely removed from the gene pool, another mutation may occur which shortens, the ge! station per... Free Essays on Primate Evolution Free Essays on Primate Evolution Human evolution, the biological and cultural development of the species Homo Sapiens, or human beings. A large number of fossil bones and teeth have been found at various places throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. It gives idea of human evolution during past 4 million to 5 million years. From a genome view point, the difference between modern man and the modern apes is only about 2 percent. From a physical viewpoint the greatest difference is in locomotion. The human walks upright, it is generally thought that this came about when the ancient hominid adopted the edge of the forest and plain and adapted to a life under the trees as opposed to in them. Fossil evidence shows that is bipedal adaptation was completed quite early, perhaps as early as four million years ago, long before we do today. Facial feature changes toward the modern appearance came much later. The facial characteristics, of modern man are about 100,000 years old. The faces of earlier hominid were much more apelike. Any mutation must be applied to a DNA coding that already exists. It can not be applied to coding that does not exist. is this a silly statement? No at all. It leads to the way that evolution changes an organism. Mutations a real ways applied to the existing DNA coding. Evolution makes something new out of something that already exists. If a bear becomes distressed in a given environment, it does not sprout wings and fly. Instead, such things as longer legs or claws will be tested. Also, evolution often does not fix the thing that causes a problem, it patches the problem by doing something unrelated. If an organism suffers a mutation that shortens its life so that it has difficulty rearing its children to childbearing age, that mutation will started being culled from the gene pool. Before that mutaion has been completely removed from the gene pool, another mutation may occur which shortens, the ge! station per...